| 1. | What is the field of "environmental geophysics"? | |
| 2. | Fundamental Ideas | |
|
a. |
Determining contrasts in physical properties | |
|
b. |
Simplifying geological descriptions | |
|
c. |
Defining objectives | |
|
d. |
Recognizing limitations | |
|
e. |
Applying multiple methods | |
|
f. |
Learning from case histories | |
| 3. | The Seismic Refraction Method | |
|
a. |
Seismic waves | |
|
b. |
Elastic properties | |
|
c. |
Velocities of rocks and soils | |
|
d. |
Geophones | |
|
e. |
Seismic sources | |
|
f. |
Ray paths, Snell's Law | |
|
g. |
Critical refraction and apparent velocity | |
|
h. |
Layer velocity and thickness from first-arrivals | |
|
i. |
Hidden zones | |
|
j. |
Finding vertical contacts | |
|
k. |
Designing a refraction survey | |
|
l. |
Interpretation of first-arrival curves | |
|
m. |
Case histories | |
| 4. | The Gravity Method | |
|
a. |
Fundamental relationships | |
|
b. |
Measuring gravity | |
|
c. |
Adjusting observed gravity | |
|
d. |
Basic field procedures | |
|
e. |
Gravity effects of simple geometric shapes | |
|
f. |
Gravity interpretation | |
|
g. |
Case histories | |
| 5. | The Magnetic Method | |
|
a. |
Fundamental relationships | |
|
b. |
The Earth's magnetic field | |
|
c. |
Measuring the magnetic field | |
|
d. |
Basic field procedures | |
|
e. |
Magnetic effects of simple geometric shapes | |
|
f. |
Magnetic interpretation | |
|
g. |
Case histories | |
| 6. | The Seismic Reflection Method | |
|
a. |
Reflection, diffraction, and attenuation | |
|
b. |
Reflection coefficients | |
|
c. |
The exploration seismograph | |
|
d. |
Traveltime equation, normal moveout | |
|
e. |
Layer velocity and thickness from reflections | |
|
f. |
The optimal window | |
|
g. |
Multiple reflections, diffractions | |
|
h. |
The Common Midpoint (CMP) procedure, stacking diagrams | |
|
i. |
Data processing | |
|
j. |
Designing a reflection survey | |
|
k. |
Interpretation of seismic sections | |
|
l. |
Case histories | |
| 7. | Electrical Methods | |
|
a. |
Ohm's Law | |
|
b. |
Current flow in a homogeneous, isotropic earth | |
|
c. |
Electrode pairs | |
|
d. |
Resistivities of geologic materials | |
|
e. |
Apparent resistivity | |
|
f. |
Layer thicknesses and resistivity from apparent resistivity | |
|
g. |
Finding vertical contacts | |
|
h. |
Electrode surveying configurations | |
|
i. |
Interpretation of apparent resistivity curves | |
|
j. |
Case histories | |
| 8. | Ground-Penetrating Radar | |
|
a. |
History of GPR development | |
|
b. |
Instrumentation | |
|
c. |
Modes of GPR operation | |
|
d. |
Conduction currents, displacement currents | |
|
e. |
Electrical conductivity and dielectric constant of geological materials | |
|
f. |
Refraction, reflection, diffraction of GPR waves | |
|
g. |
Designing a GPR survey | |
|
h. |
Data processing | |
|
i. |
Interpretation of GPR sections | |
|
j. |
Case histories | |